Animal Welfare Research Paper

Feeding a Pitbull It is suggested that pitbull owners feed their pets the foods that have what the breed requires in nutritional value. The dog food should contain nutrient sources that are similar to that found in their native lands that their ancestors ate. The requirements for a pitbull are a balance of protein, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Many dogs are taken to the vet because of nutritional related problems. If the dog is not getting the proper nutrients that their diet requires they can suffer from dry/itchy/flaky skin, hot spots, yeast infections in the ears, or thyroid-liver-kidney problems.The best diet for the pitbull is one that the owner makes fresh, using quality ingredients, without preservatives. Preparing home cooked meals for a dog can be less expensive than buying the average all-breed or any-breed pet food. Native foods for this breed would have been yellow corn, soy meal, rice, venison and fish. Recommended foods for this breed would be food s that contain soy, corn, brown rice, beef and poultry. This breed needs a high fiber and low carbohydrate diet. Avoid feeding this breed foods with a high fat or high starch content.Do not feed this breed any supplemental vitamin C, such as ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, or ascorbal Palmitate because these can cause kidney and liver damage to the breed. The best food for your dog is real food, not people food, but food like real chicken, turkey, beef, bison, venison, lamb, fish, some fruits and vegetables, occasionally yogurt and eggs. Vitamins and best sources Vitamin A Palmitate Vitamin B-1 Thiamine Hcl & Yeast Vitamin B-2 Riboflavin & Yeast Vitamin B-6 Pyridoxine Hcl & Yeast Vitamin B-12 Cyanocobalamin & YeastVitamin D D-activated Sterol Vitamin E dl-alpha tocopherol acetate Niacinamide Biotin Folic Acid D-Calcium Pantothenate Para Amino Benzoic Acid Minerals and best sources Calcium Bone Meal Copper Gluconate Iodine Sea Kelp Iron Ferrour Fumerate Magnesium Magnesium- Gluconate Manganese Manganese-Gluconate Phosphorus Bone Meal Potassium Potassium-Gluconate Zinc Zinc-Gluconate Habitat There is no such thing as a natural habitat for domesticated dogs such as the terrier breeds, and it would be easier to describe the places where they couldn’t and would have a hard time surviving.Extremely cold places and extremely warm places with no shade can really do some harm to this breed. The basic cage size for an American pitbull terrier would be 36 inches long, 23 inches wide, and 25 inches high. The metal cages are preferred because they can be folded down and stored away when they are not in use. The metal cages also give the dog a 360-degree visual of their surroundings. The plastic cages are more for the puppies and for transporting the dogs. Health Care Hip dysplasia is a serious problem in pitbulls.There were x-rays done of 480 pitbulls and 22% were found to have hip dysplasia. Elbow dysplasia is another serious problem in pitbulls . There were over 100 pitbulls that were x-rayed and 14% were found to have elbow dysplasia. This is the 15th worst rate in 82 breeds. Other orthopedic diseases in pitbulls are luxating patella and osteochondritis. American pitbull terriers have the 4th highest rate for hypothyroidism in 140 breeds. Vets are seeing heart disease in an increasing number of dogs in this breed. Skin problems are very common in this breed and can range from allergies to demodectic mange.Tumors and cancer are also a serious concern with this breed. Eye disease is also very common and can include progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts, and entropion. Inherited deafness can occur within pitbull puppies that have a lot of white on their heads. Depending on the gender of your dog there are many pro’s and con’s to getting these dogs spayed or neutered. Female Pro’s * Spaying prevents the nuisance of heat periods * Spaying prevents uterine infections * Spaying prevents false pregnancies * Spaying prevents real pregnancies Spaying offers partial protection against breast cancer * Spaying prevents cancer of the uterus and ovaries * Spaying may mean lower licensing fees Female Con’s * Spaying doubles the risk of obesity * Spaying increases the risk of the deadly cancer called hemangiosarcoma * Spaying triples the risk of hypothyroidism * Spaying is a major surgery and requires general anesthesia * If done at the wrong age, spaying increases the risk of hip dysplasia, ligament rupture, osteosarcoma (bone cancer), and urinary incontinence Male Pro’s Neutering may mean lower licensing fees * Neutering reduces leg-lifting * Neutering reduces dominance and aggression * Neutering reduces the risk of your dog being attacked by other male dogs * Neutering helps re-focus your dogs’ attention from other dogs to YOU * Neutering reduces sexual behaviors * Neutering calms you dog around unspayed females * Neutering reduces the risk of prostate disorders * Neuter ing prevents testicular cancer * Neutering reduces the risk of perianal fistula Neutering helps prevent your dog from breeding Male Con’s * Neutering triples the risk of obesity * Neutering increases the risk of a deadly cancer called hemangiosarcoma * Neutering triples the risk of hypothyroidism * Neutering increases the risk of geriatric cognitive impairment * If done at the wrong age, neutering increases the risk of hip dysplasia, ligament rupture, and osteosarcoma (bone cancer) Restricted Use: The American Pitbull Terrier breed is one of the most mistreated and misunderstood breed of dog there is.Because of this misinterpretation of the breed many counties, even states, have banned this breed. This is why there are so many of them euthanized or put in kennels. Many people are afraid of this breed because of stories on the news about a dog attack and they automatically assume that it was a pitbull that did it but in reality it was either a golden retriever or a german shep herd that caused the attack. Pitbulls were not bred to be attack dogs, they were bred to be work dogs and then got bred to be family dogs and they are terrific family dogs.

Support individuals in their last days of life

In the person's last days If known others may like to spend a lot of time with the person but others may not want to see them like that and just want to eave the better memories as people can't handle seeing the person looking very frail as this cannot be very nice, but it all depends on how each person can handle the situation and it is also hard as you don't know whether to expect the worst each time you go into their room as they could have passed away. It can cause a lot of stress within the home setting and people will be very sad but we have to do our best to try and keep them as happy and as calm as they can be.Common signs of approaching death, you can never know when someone Is going to die but there is always a sign such as they May- Lose their appetite the person may begin to resist or refuse to eat meals or any drink fluids. Become very fatigue or sleepy- The person may begin to sleep the majority of the day and night as metabolism slows and the decline In food and water contribute to dehydration. Physical weakness- As the person Is declining food and sleeping a lot they will find that they have no energy.Confusion or disorientation- Organs begin to fail including the brain they may start to forget where they are or what they are doing. Change in breathing- Breath intakes and exhales can become very irregular. Social withdrawal- As the body starts to shut down they may gradually lose interest in being around those that are close to them. Swelling in feet and ankles- Coolness in tips of fingers and toes. Good end of life care helps patients with life-limiting conditions to live as well as possible until they die, and to die with dignity.End of life care encompasses palliative care, which focuses on managing pain and other distressing symptoms, providing psychological, social and spiritual support to the patients, and supporting those that are close to the patient. All patients should be treated with dignity and aspect throughout the course of their c are. Patients who are dying must receive the same standard of care as all other patients. Their privacy, dignity and wishes must be respected at all times, by listening and achieving their wishes can make them feel more relaxed and less distressed.Making sure your patient has good pain relief, making sure they are always comfortable, having other people around them to keep them occupied or even little things like listening to the radio or watching television if they enjoy doing this. Making sure your patient has everything and everyone they deed around them, some people may not want to be like this some people may want to go alone and this needs to be respected even If their family members or loved ones want to be with them you have to respect the fact they want to be alone as long as they are comfortable.There are rules governing when life-prolonging treatment can be withheld or withdrawn when the patient's consent is not available, the professionals in charge of the person's care, should decide whether treatment should be continued or not. They should consider whether the treatment is in the best interests of the client in terms of quality of life and how long they will live and if the treatment is helping to improve their condition. If the patient still has the capacity to decide whether or not they want to carry on or stop with the treatment it is their own choice as they still have the capacity to their rights.Also it needs to be remembered that the client should always be center of the care. Some of the signs that death has occurred are they- Have stopped breathing No heartbeat Loss of bowel and bladder control No response Eyelids slightly open Eyes fixed on a certain spot Mouth slightly open The body cools When a client does become to near the end of life or even ill from the start you have to work with other professionals at first you may start with the GAP to diagnose the patient and they would then refer them to the hospital if required if not they w ould give you prescriptions for the right medication to treat them.You would also work with district nurses if required if a client had a bed sore. You would work with the pharmacy to make sure you receive all the medication and on time and to order when needed. A patient should be monitored regularly; everything that the patient goes should be recorded and documented correctly making sure they are legible, accurate, relevant and clear. Things that may get monitored- Food intake charts Fluid intake Charts Continence checks Positioning Chart Checking Temperature Body maps to mark if they have any bed sores If they were in pain or how much pain.Some people may not be able to tell you how much or if they are in pain so in some care homes they use pain rating scales, Faces tool, Disability distress assessment tool (Distant), Body charts/ Maps or its even suggested if the patient is able to keep a pain diary. Everyone approaching the end of life should have their needs assessed and their wishes and any preferences discussed, any actions reflecting their choices they make about the care they would like to receive should all be recorded in their own personal care plan especially as some people in advance want to refuse treatment, the care plan should be regularly reviewed.Once a client enters into the dying phase the care providers need to adapt their care and support according to the care plan, also the client may have a preferred place of death which they had discussed in their are plan this should be reviewed to make sure the care providers are aware.Advanced care planning should be completed as it gives people the opportunity to make their wishes and preferences known should they deteriorate and lose the sure all staff and any other professionals are aware and know fully of all the changes and any requirements or adjustments that need to be made such as ways of working, making sure all changes are documented in their personal care plan, in staff communication boo ks, also making sure that all risk assessments are updated, reviewed and changed as needed.Making sure the client has everything that they need to meet their needs to the changes. This also helps everyone to follow the same way of working to support the client when any changes do happen. Some family members/careers may wish to assist with the personal care in acknowledgement of individual wishes, religious or cultural requirements.If it is down to the staff to carry out this task then the Staff should be Prepared before they do this as there are changes to the body after death and they should also be aware of manual handling and infection control issues. Some people may not want their family or staff to do so, once the patient has died you should refer to their plan of care to see and follow their wishes if any after death.In private nursing homes the personal care after death is the responsibility of a registered nurse, although this and the packing of the property may be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant. The registered nurse is responsible for correctly identifying the deceased person and communicating accurately with the mortuary or funeral director (in line with local policy). In care homes without a registered nurse, he home manager is responsible for ensuring that professional careers are trained appropriately and to ensure that they are competent in their role.The death should be documented straight away the time the date and the people that are present, this also has to be reported to the care quality commission within 24 hours. After the persons death the Last offices should be carried out or some people may call it Personal care after death, two members of staff should carry out last offices but this can only be done once the death has been officially confirmed. The staff should ear all protective equipment such as gloves and apron when carrying out last offices.There is a a list of national guidelines, policies and legislations that are r equired after a death they are – Health and Safety at work act 1974 Control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002 (COACH) Code of Conduct Health and social care act 2008 It is always important that the care plan is referred to before after death as the client may have left their wishes and preference that they would like to be carried out and these should always be followed, as the client may have requested that they would ay have requested that their belongings should be given to a charity or some kept with them and many more examples but the point is that their wishes should always be respected and followed.All staff knows and are fully aware that when a client has passed that all procedures in place must be followed when handling the decease and moving their belongings, gloves and aprons must be worn, all of their personal belongings such as bedding, bed cloths and clothing should be disposed of in the correct way. Everyone is different to how they react to so mebody passing, there are different types f ways such as- Emotional- Sadness, anger, blame, depression and loneliness. Physical- Weakness in muscles, hollowness in stomach, tightness in throat and shortness of breath. Cognitive- A person may experience mental difficulties, such as poor concentration, forgetfulness and day dreaming.Behavioral- Some people may react by crying, loss of interest and withdrawal. Spiritual- They may start to question their spiritual beliefs but others may find solace. When telling family or friends that their loved one has passed you have to be repaired for different types of reactions as above, people should always be allowed to spend time by the deceased and their privacy should always be respected. Offering a cup of tea and going into a quiet space where they will not be disturbed so that they can talk about what happens next, sometimes people may find it hard to absorb any information so the care staff should write up a simple and clear guide for them .When talking or telling close family or friends you should always use good listening skills show empathy, always make yourself available and give people time to express themselves and talk, offer any help to register death or organize a funeral or even Just offer any advice. In a care setting the rest of the house should be told what has happened and this should not be hidden from them as they all have the right to know, they should all be told in a tactful and sensitive way. Offer support and let them know that staff will always be available if they feel they need to talk. Family or People in a care setting all have the right to be told and known about bereavement support services that are available to them.When a person dies majority or all staff care workers often experience grief, staff can attend the funeral or pay their respects in some way, by attending the funeral this will allow people to express grief and maybe bring closure. People may actively grieve by crying and it is acceptable to cry and let others know that the person will be missed, some people may be tearful or stressed then they should take time out in a quiet area. Talk to others as they might be feeling the same way as you. There is also career's support groups that are available that help yourself or staff bereavement charities or if this doesn't help you can get specialist support from your

Journal Article Summary and Application Essay

This paper presents the summary of the article â€Å"Staff development and student learning: A synthesis of research on models of teaching† by Bruce Joyce, Beverly Showers and Carol Rolheiser-Bennett published in the Educational Leadership on October of 1987. The second half of the paper will discuss how the findings of this paper could be applied to real life situations. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that theoretical assumptions of the authors about staff development can actually be used to enhance curriculums that would result to increased student performance. Summary This article argues that staff development must be and can be used to develop school programs and curriculums that would result to increased student performance and better learning. The authors discussed that the recent developments in the field of staff development have been very useful in designing new educational programs for students because the findings of said research have provided educational leaders the guide to which staff development can enhance student learning, provided innovative ideas and programs for more student involvement and a wider application of the different learning models. The authors assumed that the theoretical models and program designs that could be adopted to effectively improve student performance would only work in as much as how effectively the staff has been developed and trained. Thus, for the authors, staff development should come first before any improvements or programs can be designed and developed. The most important aspect of the measure of student performance and improvement was the effect size. According to the authors, effect size is akin to the level of change or value that was supposed to have occurred due to an intervening process or variable. Effect size can be used to determine how much the improvement was relative to its original value, effect size is important because it could tell just how effective the intervention was in bringing about change. On the other hand, the authors also pointed out that high effect size is desired but often a small effect size for a large number of people is more desirable as it would bring about greater change. The authors also discussed the teaching models that have been found to have yielded promising results and those that have been applied successfully in some research studies. Social models of learning refers to group and cooperative learning against individual learning, it has been found that students who learn by cooperation and group work are more socially equipped, have better self-concept and positive attitudes to learning. The authors recommend that staff development on how to teach cooperative learning can actually lead to better academic performance. Information processing models make use of the learning process as the strategy to help students retain more information and learn more in a given period. The authors mentioned the use of advanced organizers and mnemonics, which both had been proven to increase student learning and output but this would require intensive training of teachers and a highly technical staff development program. The personal models refer to the use of person centered learning experiences; the authors said that synectics and nondirective learning would help students learn both academically and personally. However, some have argued that the personal models would likely have lesser academic impact because it focuses on the person. The behavioral models were taken from the work of Skinner and it makes use of the different behavioral methods such as programmed learning, conditioning, reinforcement and the like. Much research have actually found that behavioral methods are effective in increasing student performance and this have been the focus of many staff development programs. The authors also identified specific teaching methods that could be used to increase student performance across levels such as wait time and teacher expectation and student achievement. Wait time refers to the process of allowing students enough time to think about the teacher’s questions while teacher expectation says that there are differential treatments in the classroom. The authors conclude that designing staff development programs should make use of the most effective working models and strategies and that this should be the focus of administrators who wishes to see their schools improve. Application The article has pointed out several learning models that could be used effectively to enhance student learning and this could actually be applied to the design of staff development programs. The assumption here is that teachers could not teach what they do not have, and since these models are not the conventional models and traditional ones teachers have been trained to do, it is imperative that staff development be able to teach teachers the exact method and process for a more effective classroom experience. For example, a staff development program on using nondirective learning should start with an input on the theoretical and technical aspects of the model, and then a workshop on how to carry out classroom interaction within this model can be demonstrated to the teachers and then critiqued by the group and resource speaker. Then the second part of the training session would be to have the teachers design a lesson plan and demonstrate it to the group and a series of critiquing would also be done to help teachers see their weaknesses and strengths in using the model and then be able to make improvements. The experiential learning was used in this design as adult learners learn more effectively in this way. References Joyce Bruce, Showers, Beverly and Rolheiser-Bennett, Carol. â€Å"Staff Development and Student Learning: A Synthesis of Research on Models of Teaching. † Educational Leadership 45/2 (1987): 11-23.

Louis ghost armchair Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Louis ghost armchair - Assignment Example The Louis ghost is a modern chair with a medallion backrest for leisurely comfort, the chair is well balanced and suitable for indoor and outdoor use, fit for a king. Philippe Starck designed the Louis ghost armchair as a contemporary take on style of a French king Louis xv. The chairs are luxuries; comfortable and super stylish, hence it encompasses the elegance of royal taste on a peasant’s budget. Taking on a number of the styles of its original design, I find it more interesting that the Louis ghost armchair is designed modernly and very comfortable furniture. It was molded in durable and shock-resistant polycarbonate. The chairs are available in various colors that suit any interior or exterior setting. Rather than being made out of mahogany wood like its forerunner, it was created out of polycarbon, making the chair both lightweight as well as durable. The Louis ghost armchair also helps solve one worrying problem common with furniture, when moving or keeping. Unutilized furniture space is a key issue but with the Louis ghost armchair, this is solved as the design allows the chair to be slanted on top of the other with each fitting into the r hence occupying minimum space during transportation or storage. The ghost name comes from its transparent look giving it the illusion of a ghost. In this context, Louis ghost armchair is considered as a key contributor to art deco as its designing style is characterized by the use of modern technology with the use of new material, such as polycarbonate.

Researching A Hindu Saint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Researching A Hindu Saint - Essay Example Referring to the Bhagavad Gita, he has made use of the Yogas and Vedantas in order to help people understand the importance and implementation of the major themes namely Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga. (Vivekananda Kendra) Vivekananda was born in Calcutta on 12th January, 1863 to a Bengali Kayastha family and his birth name was Narendra Nath Datta. He was influenced greatly by both his parents; his father helped him to inculcate within him a sense of logical thinking equipped with rationality whereas his mother assisted him on thinking along the lines of religious spirituality. His guru Ramakrishna also played a major role in his life by teaching him about the faith and service that a man devotes to God and how this service is the same in all religions to all Gods. Swami Vivekananda also was heavily influenced by the teachings in the Bhagavad Gita and remarked on an allegory of the war taking place on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. He stated that the war was a metaphor of th e war that is constantly raging within the mind of a human being with respect to good and evil and what he should give in to. In 1881, Vivekananda experienced a turning point in his life as he met Ramakrishna; it is surprising to note that at first he revolted against all of the ideas of the guru and did not accept him as his senior; he had his own views regarding spirituality and did not believe in Ramakrishna’s vision. However, during the course of studying for five years under him, he began to accept his views and became a man ready to renounce the world in order to understand the realization a man achieves by being close to God. When Ramakrishna began suffering from throat cancer, Vivekananda formed a monastic group of which he was a part of and was given the duty to look after all the other disciples and take forward his teachings. From 1888 to 1893 Vivekananda wandered all over India as a monk with nothing but a pot of water and the robes on his back. He carried with hi m a copy of the Imitation of the Christ and the Bhagavad Gita and during the course of this journey he was able to understand people from different walks of life as he stayed with, and interacted with all kinds of people from all over the country. (Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda) After 1893, Vivekananda began travelling abroad with his first visit to Japan. He was very impressed by the cleanliness in the Japanese lifestyle; both in their way of living as well as their attitude. From there on, he visited Chicago where he was taken to the Parliament of World Religions by Prof. John Henry Wright of Harvard University. Vivekananda has hosted several lectures on his tours across England and America and after coming back to India, founded the Ramakrishna Mission all over the country where young learners are taught about the Gita as well as other world religions with emphasis on Hinduism. He has tried to keep Ramakrishna’s message and vision alive by spreading the word about God and self-realization. The essence of his teachings has best been described through a Vedanta philosophy of the soul as potentially divine. He is also considered to be a social reformer as he worked to help the poor and made provisions of providing them with food, shelter as well as knowledge through the Ramakrishna Missions set up throughout the country. The Bhagavad Gita is a 700 verse discourse in Sanskrit, a part of the Sanskrit epic titled the Mahabharata written by Valmiki. Also

Public Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Policy - Assignment Example The first step will be to create public awareness about the negative social effects of incarceration and about the need to help families of the incarcerated so that they survive with dignity. The second step will be to strengthen institutions which can support these families. The third aspect of this policy enforcement is related to allowing greater interaction between the incarcerated and their families. The public awareness campaign can be conducted in consultation with Children and families of Incarcerated Parents Advisory Committee. The Outreach and Education Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee can spearhead this campaign. Meetings of heads and members of institutions entrusted with the welfare of the families of incarcerated children can be convened to discuss possible steps to improve their functioning. Regarding the possibility of developing better communication between the incarcerated and their families, â€Å"parent education classes for inmates, a therapeutic child centered facility serving children of female inmates and examination of current rules and practices including visiting, mail and phones† have been some measures being suggested (Oregon.gov, July 4 2010). There have been many studies conducted on the impact of constant and good contact with the family on the rehabilitation of an incarcerated person and the results have been amazing. Findings of various studies have showed that: strong family relationships have positive outcomes on rates of delinquency for children of incarcerated parents†¦.effects of parental criminality are mediated by parental attachment†¦.frequent contact with children while incarcerated, facilitates future reunification†¦.male inmates who maintain strong family ties have much better post-release success†¦ for those who resume responsible husband and parenting roles, there are higher rates of success†¦. inmates who maintained frequent outside contacts while in prison

NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

NHS and Community Care Act 1990 - Essay Example In a broader perspective, the initial misgivings with regard to the aspects such as the implementation of the services and professional opposition have been overcome successfully, and this is a significant achievement. Guillebaud (1953), states â€Å"Providing the best service possible within the limits of the available resources has always been the challenge for the NHS. But it has never prevented the NHS striving for - and achieving - ambitious results. The record speaks for itself†. Viewed from the backdrop of an increase in the number of people aged at 85 and over from 240,000 at the end of 1956 to 1,024,000 at the end of 2006, it can be said that the NHS has been by and large fulfilling its mission in providing community care to the society, satisfactorily. In mental health, the services are provided in a variety of settings. It takes care of the community psychiatric needs through acute wards with secured provisions as well. The service delivery in respect of learning di fficulties has improved over a period of time and has become very diverse to cater to the specific needs. Triggle (2010) states that a huge cultural shift is needed in the NHS in England to ensure children get the right care, a government-commissioned review says. Abuse of elders in private setting is also a cause for concern among the professionals. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (2003, p.1)states that the range of therapy services is available, but there are long delays for occupational and speech and language therapy.

Benefits of technology evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benefits of technology evolution - Essay Example Speaking about the evolution of technology we can’t but say that the question if it benefits us or not is rather controversial. The trouble is that some inventions in the field of technology are beneficial, but some of them on the contrary cause a lot of harm. Some people even state that technology makes us â€Å"imprisoned† that means too much dependence on the technology. Thus, some individual reject technology recollecting the life of our ancestors, who had a chance to live longer maybe because technology was not so highly developed. However, we can argue that technology is still very helpful and it is not possible to live without it in the modern world. But for the technology we would lose many opportunities. First, technology helps us to maintain physical health. Using special technological adjustments such as artificial limbs and pacemaker, many people have an opportunity to live full-fledged life. Certainly, we should not rely on the technology and conduct health y way of life. Some people make a mistake believing that technology can always save them. Thus they ignore physical activity and consume unhealthy food. Technological opportunities in the field of healthcare are not unlimited, however, they can save lives of many people. For example, pacemaker can make one’s heart beating after it stops! There is no need to say how many lives were saved with the help of this technological adjustment. Those people who went through amputation can keep living full-fledged lives with the help of artificial limbs. But for this adjustment, their abilities would be limited and they would have to use wheelchairs and would always need somebody’s help if decide to go outside. We even do not need to mention such devices as ultrasound and X-ray, which are invaluable in the process of illness diagnosis. Technology allows patients to contact the specialist they need through the internet. Also there is an opportunity for nurses to monitor patients di stantly. Doctors also have easy access to patients’ history that is stored in computers. Field of education also benefits from technology evolution. Students have easy and fast access to different kinds of information. Online tests help check the level of knowledge. The opportunities provided by the technology are also invaluable for teachers as they are able to get the material needed for the classes in the internet with no need to look for it in the library. Students can pass exams in the electronic regime and teachers can send instructions by e-mail. Technology also helps develop curriculum: â€Å"The traditional, paper-based development process has some crucial problems. Conducting needs assessments, holding committee meetings of teachers and development experts, mailing materials to reviewers, and waiting for responses takes enormous time and effort and often results in low participation. Most importantly, logistical constraints mean that the people most directly impact ed by the new materials—teachers and students—are too often not included in the development process (apart from a few committee representatives) and commonly find that the materials created lack quality and usefulness†(Scholl). Communication also represents a field that benefits from technology. In the past people had to cross long distance just to talk to each other or transfer some message. â€Å"Modern technology has made it simple to discover our old friends and also discover new people

Organizations are nothing but large-sized groups. Their fundamental Essay

Organizations are nothing but large-sized groups. Their fundamental dynamics are essentially the same. Discuss - Essay Example That is, when humans join together, there will be ‘accumulation’ of more minds, hands, output, etc, etc, leading to better completion of tasks. Large groups, irrespective of their domain, will have to work as a team with positive dynamics to achieve their targets. Even if there is dissension from few members or even from a single member of those groups, the activity of that large group may be impeded and will result in failure. Although, all the important processes of large groups or organizations starts and ends with the leader or the management team, the employees will be the crucial cog, who has to optimally work as part of â€Å"work teams†. In any organized human activity including that of large groups, the successful work teams with positive team dynamics can be successfully set or established, if the head successfully involves the humans as part of the decision making process. The large groups have to be guided and supervised by leader or leaders. The evolu tion of leaders could be visible in the childhood itself. In the childhood, he/she will have company of tiny tots of his/her age and all of them as part of large groups or small groups will involve themselves in the group activities, in their school or in their neighborhood. These activities could be in the form of physical as well as mental, and most of the activities will demand a team, which could be even a two-person team. While involving themselves in the team activities, some one from the group will try to guide and dominate the other ones. This is the natural process and everyone’s childhood will be replete with situations like this. Although, a child with a good physical stature and ability to communicate at any moment will try to become a leader, in course of time, any organized activity will need a leader who can productively involve the other members as well, thereby motivating them. To make them more integrated towards their targets, the leaders can productively i nvolve them. The same can be replicated in business organizations as well. That is, the leader or the management team of a business organization can put their thoughts, strategies and also the organizational goals for discussion among the other workers. This way the workers as a form of work teams can be involved productively, with dynamics aiding the process. The workers can input their gained knowledge and experience in the decision making process, and will come up with optimal and path breaking suggestions and ideas. So, involving and making co-workers to play a part as work teams will yield optimum results, as it will optimize the performance of the employees. That is, if the employees are given important responsibilities, they will optimize their mental and physical abilities to complete the given work successfully. As it is a matter of proving oneself among the group of fellow workers, the employees will come up with feasible and effective suggestions, ideas, etc in-group and thereby will incorporate team dynamics, to help the organizations function effectively. This was further supported by Fineman & Gabriel (1996), who state that sound delegation will ensure better productivity from the employees as they will work with clear goals. However, the aspect that should be taken care is, even though the workers can be optimally involved as work teams with dynamics,

Medium Fidelity Prototype Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Medium Fidelity Prototype - Assignment Example The primary goal of this interactive user interface design is to create a user friendly system that is easy to use by any registered voter. Just like using cash machines (ATM), the voters will simply be required to have an electronic voting card before thy can log into the system and vote. Generally the central principals of adopting the new e voting prototype will be to present all the potential voters with a equal right to participate in a secure, free and fair elections. The first step of the electronic voting process will involve proof of the identity of the voters by the election officials in present in each electronic voting terminal. Consequently the voter will be required to present identity documents to the relevant election officials at the designated polling station. After verification, the election officials will then provide the voter with an electronic voting card. The pictures of the candidates and their assigned voting numbers will appear on the screen as shown in the diagram below. The dynamic user interface will be integrated with a number of interactive features such as drop down menus to allow voters scroll down the list of candidates and select their preferred one. After successfully entering the number of your preferred candidate and pressing OK, the information of the selected candidate will appear on the screen and the voter will be able to confirm whether they have voted for the correct candidate. A message indicating that the voting process is complete! Will appear on the screen and the voter will be prompted to remove the voting card and take it back to the election officials. In the case where you have entered an incorrect number, press clear and enter again. However if you enter a voting number that does not belong to any of the candidates on the list, an error message will appear on the screen and to continue, the voter

ASPECTS OF CONTRACT AND NEGLIGENCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASPECTS OF CONTRACT AND NEGLIGENCE - Assignment Example This paper analyzes various aspects of a contract, and to an extension the concept of negligence to perform on the contract. In the essay, several studies cases will be analyzed in order to uncover the omission of vital elements of the contract. To achieve the stated objectives, the article will evaluate each and every study case critically and state the applicable consequences of the actions or inactions of the individuals in the study case. Written contracts are the most preferred types of contracts by many common legal systems. In most countries, all contracts pertaining tangible product sales worth more than $500 are required to be ratified in writing and the parties concerned should append their signatures. Examples of contracts that must be in writing include all land dealings, house sales, vehicles and many others. It is paramount to note that immediately someone signs a written contract provided the documents used is contractual in nature, they are legally bound by it irrespective of whether they read and understood the terms and conditions (Poole, 2014, p.86). Written contracts help parties involved understand their commitments and avoid the "he said, she said" dispute in case court prosecution is necessary. These are contracts formed whereby parties contact or meet face to face and enter into an agreement. Such contract provides the element of identity which is very crucial in contracts and a contract can automatically be termed as void because of mistakes relating to identity, particularly if the identity is necessary. Example of cases that have been declared void because of this issue include the Phillips v Brooks and Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson (Poole, 2014, p.96). Distance sales contracts, currently known as consumer contracts are contracts that pertain to the sale of goods without face-to-face contact. Suppliers are required by law to disclose

Organisation on learning Essay Example for Free

Organisation on learning Essay Background: Previous research suggests that the organisation of information is integral to its storage in and recall from memory. Aim: Differences with regard to the use of categorisation of information have been observed between cultures and age groups, so the aim is to find out the degree to which categorisation affects the learning of information in 16-18 year olds. Method: 20 participants aged 16-18 had 60 seconds to learn as many words as they could from a grid containing 24 words. The grid contained 6 words in 4 different semantic categories and was either categorised (control) or randomised (experimental). Participants then recalled as many of the words as they could. The amount of words that they recalled was observed. Results: The difference in the number of words remembered between the two conditions was found to be insignificant when put to the independent t-test and tested at the 0.05 level. In fact, participants in Condition B (randomised) recalled more words on average than those in Condition A (organised). However, participants in Condition B showed 68.83% categorisation upon recall, compared with 0.5% that would have been shown if participants recalled the words in the order that they appeared on the radomised grid. Conclusion: The results suggest that the degree of organisation of information upon presentation does not affect the amount of information remembered. However, the actual process of mentally organising the information may be a significant factor in the amount of information remembered. Individual differences may affect the way the information is organised, but this study found that categorical organisation was the most common form of this. Introduction Much evidence suggests that information in memory is highly organised, and that we remember large amounts of information by associating it with other similar pieces of information already stored. It may even be that the organisation of information is a prerequisite for information to be stored; for example, Mandler (1967) stated that memory and organization are not only correlated, but organization is a necessary condition for memory. From this viewpoint, it follows that, by definition, any information stored in the memory must be organised somehow. It may also be that the organisation of information upon presentation facilitates its storage, and that if information is not organised, people will attempt to create their own methods of organisation (Tulving, 1968). Categorical clustering is a term coined by Bousfield (1953) in order to describe one type of organisation in learning. In his research, he presented participants with a list of 60 words (15 from 4 different categories: animals, anthroponyms, professions and vegetables) and asked participants to free-recall the list. He found that, despite not having been told what the categories were, participants tended to recall the words according to their category and thus demonstrated the phenomenon. Bower et al. (1969) presented participants with words which were arranged into conceptual hierarchies. For one group, these were arranged in hierarchical form, and for the other they were listed randomly. The participants who were presented with the words in hierarchical form recalled almost 31/2 times as many words as those to whom they were presented randomly, suggesting that the organisation of the words upon presentation facilitated their storage in memory. A similar trait has also been observed with naturally occurring stimuli. Rubin and Olson (1980) asked students to recall the names of as many members of staff in their school as they could, and found that students showed a strong tendency for the members of staffs names to be recalled by their respective departments. This also shows evidence for categorical organisation. They further found that students who re-arranged word cards into more categories remembered more words on average than those who created less categories, and that those who were not told to actively remember the words, instead just sort them, remembered the same amount as those asked to remember them. These indicate that not only does categorisation increase the amount of information remembered, but the active process of organisation may even cause the information to be remembered. More support that organisation and learning are intertwined comes from Kahana and Wingfield (2000), who found that the relation between organisation and learning remained the same even after significant differences between participants mnemonic abilities had been taken into account.  One case study which suggests that memory is highly organised comes from Hart et al. (1985). Having almost made a complete recovery from a stroke two years previously, M.D. experienced no problems except that he was unable to name different types of fruit and vegetable or sort them into categories. However, he was able to name and sort types of food, for example, and vehicles, which suggests that his inability to carry out these tasks was limited to specific semantic categories. Aims The findings of this previous research suggest that organisation does play a large role in the storage, structuring and restructuring of information in memory. However, organisation does not necessarily imply categorisation, which is what will be tested here. Also, in a similar way that Gutchess et al. (2006) found that age and culture affected the way in which categorisation was used in memory, it may be that young people in turn use it differently. So, the following experiment aims to investigate the effects of organisation on learning in 16-18 year-olds. More specifically, it will investigate the degree to which organisation of information upon presentation affects the storage and recall of words presented in a randomised grid. Following on from research by Bower et al. (1969) and Rubin and Olson (1980), two hypotheses have been drawn:  Experimental hypothesis  Participants will recall, on average, fewer words when the words given are listed randomly, than will the participants for whom the words are listed categorically.

A Survey on Mobile Users Data Privacy Threats

A Survey on Mobile Users Data Privacy Threats ABC EFG1 , ABC EFG2* and ABC EFG3 4. Security Challenges for Mobile Devices Mobile device applications offer a level of convenience that the world has never think before it. Everywhere (home. Office, hotel, playground, road, parking, picture palace, travelling in different countries or each place of world) any mobile user can use applications to fulfil their daily needs like communicate, buy, search, payment, sell, entertainment, find general information of their use. This extreme level of comfort has brought with it an extreme number of security risks. Below describing some mobile device challenges, how the vulnerabilities and attackers reducing mobile applications freedom. 4.1 Insecure Data Storage It can result in data loss for a user, after losing mobile devices an application is improperly secured and all user at risk. Some common piece of data store at high risk like personal information (Name, Address, Date of Birth, Banking information, Family information, Family picture, Social networking address, email address) ,working information (company name, working position, related some application, company contact numbers and official documents if any available). 4.2Physical Security Physical security of any mobile devices is too difficult, but when mobile users are constantly using mobile devices, which is in always for 24x7x365 and user lose his mobile device then the task becomes seemingly impossible. Intentionally physical security is most concern for risk free mobile devices. If a person lost and misplaced or theft their mobile devices so it may be misuse users sensitive data, personnel information, email correspondence , any unsecured documents, address books, business data and files by the thief . 4.3 Mobile Browsing Mobile browsing is the best feature for any mobile devices for providing best use of internet application but mostly in mobile devices user cannot see the whole URL or web address, least verify whether the web address or URL safe or not and user reach (browse) their way into a phishing related attack. 4.4 Multiple User Logging Due to progressive growth of social media Single sign-on (SSO) in the mobile application ecosystem it is estimated 60% of mobile application insecure by using same login to multiple social networking application. Hackers who got login credentials for website or apps twitter , Facebook can possibly gain access to users profile page. Outmost use of social media single sign-on (SSO) is actually to facilitate social interaction at same time the developer also gain access to some of social information related to sign in user. 4.5Client Side Injection The execution of malicious programs on the mobile devices over the internet medium by application or web browsing client side injection occurs. Html injection ,SQL injection or other newer attack(abusing phone dialer, SMS ) comes in the client side injection. Hackers could load text based attack and exploit targeted examiner. In this way any source of data can be injected including resource targeted files or application 4.6 Application Isolation Mobile application is just about everything from transaction, business ,personnel and social networking. Before installing any application in your mobile devices clearly see the permission agreement, privacy and how to access your device with that application. It might be any application theft user sensitive data ,financial data, business data ,personnel data and other valuable file. 4.7 Mobile Device Coding Issues In an application development it always happen some honest mistakes, unintentionally creating security vulnerabilities with poor coding efforts. It also happen for bad implementation of encrypted channels for data transmission or improper password protection. In this way every development process can have some vulnerability in the coding of mobile application or other application. Every developer cannot ignore this but needs to maintain proper coding so mobile application reach high security aspect. 4.8  System Updates In a mobile device everybody wants latest version of application for using efficiently so venders always keen to provide latest update and patches designing to fix security issues for better use of application. But in this process other threats (hackers) mixed bad code with real application and provide to install application. It may affect mobile device but user doesnt know why its happening. It is big drawback and commercial attack to application and venders. 4.9 Serious Threats in New Features For mobile devices, newly added features and updates application are serious risk too. Every venders are making their own application related to their mobile operating system and giving new look, new features. Its comparison among that venders to defeat in the market so making related application and releasing some vulnerabilities for chasing market. So user should enquire first then use newly features so security remain consist in the mobile devices. 4.10 Sensitive Information Disclosure Its trend that mobile user use their mobile in brad area like login credentials, shared secret keys, sensitive business logic , access token, application code etc. it is also possible these information being disclosed to an attacker by different technology. It should be remain consist security in sensitive information disclosure in mobile devices. 4.11 Improper Session Handling For mobile devices, session handling is identified security concern for web application. Improper session handling indications to vulnerabilities that are pretty common in using internet applications over any platform like mobile devices or PCs. Session with long expiry time invite vulnerabilities in any case of using financial work. Poor session management can clues to unauthorized access through session hijacking in mobile devices. 4.12 Security Decisions from untrusted responses For mobile devices, Some operating system like Android and iOS platform, some applications like as Skype may not continuously appeal consent from outside parties, it gives privilege for attackers that may occur in malicious application avoiding security. For this way, applications are vulnerable to data leakages and client-side injection. Always need for supplementary authorization or provide supplementary ladders to launch sensitive applications when supplementary authorization is not promising. 4.13 Weak Authentication and Brute force attack Its often seen many applications today rely on password based authentication, single factor. The owners of application do not enforce for strong password and securing valuable credentials. In that case user expose themselves to host of threats, stolen credentials and automated Brute force attacks (Brute force attack means systematically checking all possible password or keys until find exact one). 5. Mobile Threats and Vulnerabilities This section provides a comprehensive overview of mobile threats and vulnerabilities, cyber criminals have focused their consideration to mobile devices nowadays [1]. Mobile devices are using many useful applications in the internet medium so it’s a prime target for the attackers or hackers to destroy security mechanism and spread threats vulnerabilities. The distance between hacker capabilities and an organizations protection is widening day by day. These tendency underline the need for additional mobile device security awareness, as well as more stringent, better integrated mobile security solutions and policies. 5.1 Mobile Threats Threats and attacks that proved magnificently on personnel computer are now being tested on unsuspecting mobile device user to see what works and with the number of mobile devices with protection increasing, there are adequately of easy targets. Attackers are definitely penetrating after the weakest point in chain and then improving in on the most successful scams. Mobile attacks are basically divided into four categories and listed below- Physical threats Application based threats Network based threats Web based threats Physical Threats Mobile devices are designed (portable) to proper use in the daily lives, and its physical security is an important deliberation [4]. Below describing some physical threats Bluetooth Lost or Stolen Mobile Devices Computing Resources Internet Access Application Based Threats Spyware Malware Vulnerable Application Privacy Threats Network Based Threats Denial of service Attack (DoS) Network Exploits Mobile Network Services Wi-Fi Sniffing Web Based Threats Drive by Downloads Browser Exploits Phishing Scams 5.2 Mobile Vulnerabilities Rootkit Worm Trojan Horse Botnet 6. Solutions and Precautions For Mobile Devices 7. Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgements The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the Research Group Project no. ABCDEFGH. References A Survey on Security for Mobile Devices, La Polla, M. ; Martinelli, F. ; Sgandurra, D. Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE ,Volume: 15, Issue: 1,Publication Year: 2013 , Page(s): 446 471 M. Hypponen, â€Å"Malware Goes Mobile,† Scientific American, vol. 295,no. 5, pp. 46–53, 2006. Reviews on Cybercrime Affecting Portable Devices, Seyedmostafa Safavi, Zarina Shukur, Rozilawati Razali, The 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics(ICEEI 2013) Mobile Devices Security: A Survey on Mobile Device Threats, Vulnerabilities and their Defensive Mechanism, Shujithra. M, Pasdmavati. G, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887) Volume 56-No.14, October 2012

Importance of Monitoring Blood Pressure

Importance of Monitoring Blood Pressure Why should we monitor high blood pressure? In this essay the reasons why we monitor high blood pressure will be discussed. In order to do this it will first be necessary to explain what blood pressure is and what we mean by high blood pressure. The implications of having high blood pressure will be considered followed by how and why it should be monitored. Both the social and economic implications of high blood pressure and it’s monitoring will be assessed. Blood pressure is the measure of the force the heart uses to pump blood through the arteries. NHS Choices. (21/07/2014). These arteries manage the flow of the blood by controlling its speed and direction. Blood pressure depends two things; how forcefully the heart pumps the blood and how narrow or relaxed the arteries are. Gill. S, Kristensen. SD. (08/02/2011). High blood pressure is caused when blood is forced through the arteries at an increased pressure. Artery walls have tiny muscles which allow them to become narrower or wider. The narrower the arteries the less space there is for the blood to flow and the harder the heart will have to work. The muscles in the artery wall react to the flow of blood by working harder, which makes them grow bigger. The wall then becomes thicker reducing the space for the blood to flow through. When the heart has to pump harder to push the blood through narrowed arteries the blood pressure rises. If an artery becomes blocked or bursts, the part of the body that the blood was going to will be deprived of energy and oxygen and will be damaged or die. In this instance the pressure of the blood causes the damage. Fullick. A (2008). Arteries can become damaged in other ways. They can become hardened (atherosclerosis) as a result of fat, cholesterol and other substances building up in the walls of the arteries. Hence life style can be a major contributor in high blood pressure. If an individual is overweight, smokes, eats too much salt, doesn’t exercise enough and, or consumes too much alcohol they will be susceptible to high blood pressure. In addition, if a person has relatives with high blood pressure, has a history of cardiovascular disease, or is of African or Caribbean descent they are more prone to it. Finally, as a person gets older so does their chance of getting high blood pressure, as the blood vessels become stiffer and less flexible. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). Having continued high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) increases a persons risk of many serious illnesses, for example; cardiovascular disease, stroke, embolism, aneurysm and kidney disease, to name a few. Approximately one in five people in the UK suffer from hypertension. Gill. S, Kristensen. SD. (08/02/2011). However many of these aren’t aware, as there are not always obvious symptoms. For this reason it is sometimes known as the silent killer. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). In some instances, with continued levels of very high blood pressure, individuals may display persistent headaches, blurred or double vision, nosebleeds and shortness of breath. The only way to know if a person has a problem with their blood pressure is to get it measured. The NHS recommend that every adult should have their blood pressure checked every 5 years. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). The chart opposite shows the different levels of blood pressure and at what point they are considered low, normal and high. This chart is suitable for adults of any age as, although a persons blood pressure might change with age, the levels at which the pressure is considered high, normal or low do not. Blood Pressure Association . (2008). When taking a person’s blood pressure there are two readings. The top number is the systolic blood pressure. This is the highest pressure when the heart beats and pushes blood around the body. The bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure. This is the lowest pressure when the heart is relaxed between beats. Low blood pressure is anything less than 90/60. Ideal blood pressure is between 90/60 and 120/80. Readings up to 140/90 mean that the blood pressure is a little high and should be reduced slightly but anything over 140/90 is an indication of high blood pressure. Only one of either the systolic or diastolic numbers has to be higher than it should be to indicate that a person has high blood pressure . Blood Pressure Association . (2008). If blood pressure is 120 diastolic or below the risk of cardiovascular disease as a result of blood pressure is minimal but as it rises up to 140 diastolic the risk doubles and then by 160 over it doubles again. For every 20mm diastolic i ncrease the risk of death from cardiovascular disease doubles. Blood Pressure Association. (2008). Figures published by Public Health England in November 2014 showed that diseases caused by continued high blood pressure cost the NHS over  £2bn every year and monitoring accounts for 12% of all GP visits.  £850 million could be saved over a period of 10 years if overall blood pressure was reduced. In addition, over the same period of time, if 15% more people were diagnosed, a further  £120 million could be saved. Finally, if another 15% currently being treated controlled their blood pressure more effectively, another  £120 million could be saved. Public Health England. (2014). However, the act of measuring blood pressure is problematic. The whole process of going to visit a G.P to have your blood pressure monitored can in itself increase blood pressure. This is commonly known as the white coat effect; where a blood pressure reading is higher when taken in a medical setting than when it’s taken at home. This may be because patients are more nervous in such settings. It is reported that such an increase may occur in as many as 25% of those diagnosed with high blood pressure. This can lead to improper diagnosis of high blood pressure. NHS Choices. (24/08/2011). NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) reports that this effect is more common in pregnancy and with increasing age. McManus. R et al (2011). Thus other methods of monitoring are being considered more widely. One of these methods is ambulatory blood pressure monitor (ABPM). This is where blood pressure is measured for up to 24 hours. A small digital blood pressure monitor is se cured around a patients waist and connected to a cuff at the top of their arm. It is small enough not to affect daily life and can even be used when asleep. It measures the blood pressure at regular intervals over 24 hours, so a doctor is able to get a clear idea of how a patient’s blood pressure changes throughout the day. It avoids the problem of misleading spikes in blood pressure because a patient is feeling anxious about being tested. Pickering found that 21% of 292 patients with borderline high blood pressure actually had normal daytime readings. These patients were defined as having white coat hypertension, and they were more likely to be female, younger and to weigh less. Pickering. TG et al (1988). Staessen undertook a similar study and found that more patients measured by ABPM stopped treatment than those measured in a medical setting. Staessen. JA et al (1997). Therefore the benefits to large portions of society who might be able to stop taking drugs as a result of mis-diagnosis could be quite substantial. ABPM is, however, expensive. In 2011 NICE released the findings of a study that found that although it was the most accurate method of diagnosing hypertension, it was also the most expensive. However, the savings made as a result of reduced cost of drugs and GP visits meant that it was still the most cost effective means of measuring and confirming diagnosis. McManus. R et al (2011). Staessen also found that drug intervention could be reduced and that blood pressure and overall general health was improved as a result of treatment based on ABPM reading. Staessen. JA et al (1997). Therefore the social and economic benefits of ABPM would appear to be wholly worth the cost. However, Law, Wald and Morris Law. M, Wald. N, Morris. J. (2003). suggest there are problems with restricting the measurement of blood pressure purely to those with high blood pressure. They argue that although blood pressure is an important cause of stroke and heart disease it is not a good screening test to distinguish who will or will not develop them. They claim that most strokes and coronary heart disease occurs in people who do not have high blood pressure (only 10% of people with the highest blood pressure experience less than one third of all strokes and one fifth of all coronary heart disease events) and that older people with average blood pressure have a substantially greater risk than younger people with high blood pressure.They suggest that the term hypertension intimates that blood pressure is a disease in itself, rather than an indication of more serious problems and that monitoring with a view to reducing high blood pressure ignores those whose blood pressure might be relatively normal or borderline but whom for other reasons may develop stroke or heart disease. They found that lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke whatever the starting blood pressure. They suggest that the main method of screening should be to identify all those with a history of stroke or heart attack. They further suggest that there is little point in measuring blood pressure after a first event as subsequent deaths account for about half of all deaths from stroke and heart disease. Surprisingly, Law, Wald and Morris suggest that changes in diet and lifestyle have only a limited effect in reducing average blood pressure, although they do acknowledge that a major reduction in the salt content of manufactured foods by the food industry would have an impact. They argue that blood pressure lowering drugs are the only way to ensure substantial reductions in blood pressure. As such they suggest that blood pressure reducing drugs should be given to all those identified as susceptible to heart disease or stroke, including those over a certain age, regardless of the level of their blood pressure. The impartiality of Law, Wald and Morris findings are questionable as they see medication as the only way forward. It is not clear if their research is funded by a pharmaceutical company and care would need to be taken when relying upon their findings. They give no credence to the social benefits of life style changes, for example general well being from a reduced diet or alcohol intake, as well as the benefits brought about from the socialising aspect of exercise. Their recommendations also take no account of the reluctance of otherwise healthy individuals to a lifetime of drug taking. As highlighted by Honigsbaum, Honigsbaum. M.. (2012). who, at the age of 47, living a healthy life style, rejected the notion of having to take pills for the rest of his life. Honigsbaum is an example of those in Law’s study, whose life style did not suggest a problem with high blood pressure but whom had a genetic pre disposition to the condition. In conclusion, it would appear that there is consensus of agreement that high blood pressure is a major world health problem and that monitoring is essential. However, there is still a lot to be done in terms of education about lifestyle and adoption of values that underpin this, for example encouragement of healthier lifestyles and for the food industry to take take responsibility for a reduction in salt in manufactured foods. There is further a growing body of agreement that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is the most effective in terms of diagnosis and as such the higher costs are justified. In addition, questions remain regarding how to identify those with pre existing or inherent predisposition to cardiovascular disease who may not have high blood pressure. References Gill. S, Kristensen. SD. (08/02/2011). High blood pressure (hypertension). Available: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/hypertension.htm#ixzz3QISs6hUI. Last accessed 30/01/15. Blood pressure association . (2008). What high blood pressure (hypertension) can do. Available: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Yourbody. Last accessed 30/01/15. Blood pressure association . (2008). Blood pressure chart. Available: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressurechart. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (21/07/2014). What is blood pressure?. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/what-is-blood-pressure.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). High blood pressure (hypertension). Available: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Introduction.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (04/07/2014). High blood pressure (hypertension) Symptoms. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Symptoms.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. NHS Choices. (24/08/2011). High blood pressure to be tested at home. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/08august/pages/high-blood-pressure-test-home.aspx. Last accessed 30/01/15. Pickering. TG, James. GD, Boddies. C, Harshfield. GA, Blank. S, Laragh. JH.. (1988). How common is white coat hypertension?. National Institute of Health. 259 (2), 225-8. McManus. R, Jowett. S, Barton. P, Hodgkinson. J, Mant. J, Martin. U, Heneghan. C, Hobbs. R.. (2011). Cost-effectiveness analysis – blood pressure monitoring for confirming a diagnosis of hypertension. Hypertension. 1 (1), 446. Staessen. JA, Byttebier. G, Buntinx. F, Celis. H, OBrien. ET, Fagard. R.. (1997). Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement. A randomized controlled trial. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Treatment of Hypertension Investigato. National Institute of Health. 278 (13), 1065-72. Law. M, Wald. N, Morris. J.. (2003). Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke: a new preventive strategy. Health Technology Assessment NHS RD HTA Programme. 7 (31), 3. Honigsbaum. M.. (2012). Home truths about high blood pressure. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jan/08/high-blood-pressure-mark-honigsbaum. Last accessed 30/01/15. Fullick. A (2008). Edexcel AS Biology. Essex: Pearson Eduction limited. 18-33. Public Health England. (2014). Tackling high blood pressure from evidence into action. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/375985/20141018_Tackling_high_blood_pressure_-_FINAL_INCL_LINK_CHANGES.pdf. Last accessed 30/01/15. 1

joseph conrad :: essays research papers

Joseph Conrad was born in Berdichev, in the Ukraine, in a region that had once been a part of Poland but was then under Russian rule. His father Apollo Korzeniowski was an aristocrat without lands, a poet and translator of English and French literature. The family estates had been sequestrated in 1839 following an anti-Russian rebellion. As a boy the young Joseph read Polish and French versions of English novels with his father. When Apollo Korzeniowski became embroiled in political activities, he was sent to exile with his family to Volgoda, northern Russia, in 1861. After being wounded in a duel or of a self-inflicted gunshot in the chest, Conrad continued a career at the seas for 16 years in the British merchant navy. He had been deeply in debt, but his uncle discharged his debts. This was a turning point in his life. Conrad rose through the ranks from common seaman to first mate, and by 1886 he obtained his master mariner's certificate, commanding his own ship, Otago. In the same year he was given British citizenship and he changed officially his name to Joseph Conrad. Witnessing the forces of the sea, Conrad developed a deterministic view of the world, which he expressed in a letter in 1897: "What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it. To be part of the animal kingdom under the conditions of this earth is very well - but soon, as you know of your slavery, the pain, the anger, and the strife. The tragedy begins." Conrad sailed to many parts of the world, including Australia, various ports of the Indian Ocean, Borneo, the Malay states, South America, and the South Pacific Island. In 1890 he sailed in Africa up the Congo River. The journey provided much material for his novel Heart of Darkness. However, the fabled East Indies particularly attracted Conrad and it became the setting of many of his stories. By 1894 Conrad's sea life was over. During the long journeys he had started to write and Conrad decided to devote himself entirely to literature. At the age of 36 Conrad settled down in England. In his famous preface to THE NIGGER OF THE 'NARCISSUS' (1897) Conrad crystallized his often quoted goal as a writer: "My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you fell - it is, above all, to make you see.

Bilingual Education: Social Justice for All Essay -- Argumentative Per

  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be honest, I didn't know very much about the legal status and specific methods involved in bilingual education. Researching bilingual education helped me develop a broad understanding of the controversy and sufficient knowledge to be able to defend which method I think is the most effective. The biggest challenge in presenting my argument was focusing on a topic, because bilingual education is a broad topic with many ramifications. After considering many possible angles, I finally chose to write about two-way bilingual education because it is an effective method that has not been implemented very frequently in the educational system. The front doors of Chamberlain Elementary School in Goshen, Indiana are plastered with advertisements for GED courses for Spanish speakers and bilingual memos reminding parents of the upcoming parent-teacher conferences. Colorful posters in either Spanish or English, with the corresponding translation posted alongside them, deck the hallways. Over a third of the student body belongs to a linguistic minority group, with Spanish being by far the most common language. Thus, Chamberlain administrators and teachers face the daily challenge of meeting the needs of a diverse student body within the context of an English-speaking public institution. The school is well known throughout the area for its efforts in embracing diversity, projecting itself as a multicultural institution, and connecting with families regardless of their cultural background. However, in meeting the linguistic needs of its diverse population, Chamberlain falls sadly short. Volunteers or trained teachers pull students out of their classrooms for a brief lesson each day in English as a Second Language (ESL). Language minor... ...eadership (Dec.99-Jan.00): 62-67. Porter Pedalino, Rosalie. "The Benefits of English Immersion." Educational Leadership (Dec.99-Jan.00): 52-56. Quezada, Maria S., Terrence G. Wiley, and J. David Ramirez. "How the Reform Agenda Shortchanges English Learners." Educational Leadership (Dec.99-Jan.00): 57-61. Rippberger, Susan J. "Ideological Shifts in Bilingual Education." Comparative Educational Review (Feb.93): 50-61. Rodriguez, Roberto. "The Politics of Language." Hispanic (Apr.96): 53. Rothstein, Richard. "Bilingual Education: The Controversy." Phi Delta Kappan (May 98): 672-678. Thomas, Wayne P., and Virginia P. Collier. "Accelerated Schooling for English Language Learners." Educational Leadership (Apr.99): 46-49. Thomas, Wayne P., and Virginia P. Collier. "Two Languages are Better Than One." Educational Leadership (Dec.97-Jan.98): 23-26.

Meet The Simpsons Essay -- essays research papers fc

Meet the Simpsons Over time, the definition of what exactly "family" means has changed with time. Usually, what constitutes making up a family is relative to a specific culture, but as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Ever since the golden age of television had sprung upon American culture, television has tried to mimic the "ideal" American family through it's programming. Even as early as the 1950's, television producers made programming that would represent what exactly the ideal American family was. Take for example the show "Leave It to Beaver". While I am not going to go in detail about each character, I am going to summarize the family structure and the role of the member. There was a father figure, his job, or responsibility rather, was to financially support the family, while being an exemplary father to his children. The mother on the other hand, was solely responsible for being a typical housewife, while not neglecting the rearing of her children. The children did not have any real responsibility, but they respected their parents and attempted to stay out of trouble. Television shows for the most part in this early era of programming followed among these lines. There has always been at least one show each decade that followed the evolution of American life. In the 1960's, there was the "Andy Griffith Show". In the 1970's, there was a different spin on family life with the show "All in the Family", which did not have the typical white collar father, and its emphasis was not on raising the children, rather it was after the children had grown up. While in the 1980's there was a split in the television programming representation of American families. There were still shows that represented the "ideal" American family, such as "Different Strokes" and "Family Ties" as well as "The Cosby Show", but there was also a more realistic representation of American life in "Married With Children". However, it is not in a drama that American family life is best represented in the 1990's. Instead, it is in the animated series, "The Simpsons". "The Simpsons" follows suit with the other dramas that reflected the decade in which they aired. According to the U.S. consensus for March 1... ...certain traits that common among many American middle aged men. Marge is a housewife that holds the family together by straightening out any problems that arise and by being a concerned, caring mother. Bart and Lisa are two different examples of the youth of our generation. Bart is the typical rebellious child, while Lisa is the aspiring and more intelligent of the two. Thus, the Simpsons best represent American family life in the 1990's. Works Cited: Cawley, Donovan; "A Summery of Lisa Simpson"; Http://www.xoom.com/LisaSimpson/summery.html; 2/15/99 Hall, Dave; "The Bart File"; Http://www.snpp.com/guides/bart.file.html; 2/15/99 Hall, Dave; "The Homer File"; Http://www.snpp.com/guides/homer.file.html; 2/15/99 Hall, Dave; "The Marge File"; Http://www.snpp.com/guides/marge.file.html; 2/15/99 U.S. Bureau of the Census; All Parent/Child Situations, by type, race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder or Reference Person; Http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/htabFM-2.txt; 2/15/99 U.S. Bureau of the Census; Households by Type and Characteristics: 1998; Http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/98ppla.txt; 2/15/99

Lascelles Chin …. the Journey of a Jamaican Entrepreneur

Lascelles Chin is founder, chairman and Chief executive officer of the Lasco Group of Companies in Jamaica. The Lasco group is made up of Lasco Distributors, Lasco Foods Successors Ltd, Lasco Foods Ltd, Lasco Barbados Ltd, Lasco Financial Services Limited and Lasco Remittance Services. The range of products and services delivered by the companies is diverse. Lasco Foods Successors Ltd is responsible for the manufacturing and exporting of soy based products while Lasco Foods Ltd is responsible for the packaging of milk powders. Lasco Distributors Ltd is responsible for the local distribution of the ever expanding range of consumer and pharmaceutical products that has made Lasco a household name in Jamaica. These companies currently run by Lascelles Chin marks the present milestone on an entrepreneurial journey by Lascelles Chin that has stretched for more than forty years, Mr. Chin intends to continue this quest for another forty years and beyond. His entrepreneurial journey started in 1961. According to Mr. Chin, he started business with ?175 and was at a great disadvantage as many prominent families were dominating the commercial landscape in Jamaica at the time. He persevered, did his research and learnt as much as he could about manufacturing and distribution practices, importation and various related fields. His policy was to deal honestly with his customers, work very hard and most importantly, avoid spending more than he earned, (Observer 2009). Accordingly this helped him to achieve success. He also realized quite early in life that the only way to maintain success as a business entrepreneur was by honing his skills, hard work, determination, perseverance, clarity of vision and the ability to see obstacles as challenges, (Observer 2009). After graduating from high school in the 1950s Lascelles Chin worked as a lab technician for a short period before taking up a job as a salesman. He did well, and focused on saving portions of his earnings which he later used to start National Trading Company. This principle of not spending more than you earn or saving as much as you can from your earnings would set the stage for his development as an entrepreneur. With this business he sold peas and powdered pepper on a commission basis. He later became a distributor of Henkel products upon recommendation from a visiting representative. The business did well by targeting furniture manufacturers with the Pattex brand of adhesive. Later, during the 1970s, when people were leaving Jamaica in droves, Mr. Chin decided to stay and expand his warehouse and factory. Here Mr. Chin demonstrates the strength and resolution to move against the tide and lay foundations for the future when others were packing up and calling it quits. With time the business moved from Orange Street, downtown Kingston to East Street and then to its current location on Red Hills Road, (Gleaner 2006). He later went on operate other lines of business, Kingston Heirlooms, manufacturing and exporting furniture, Datrex Limited, computer supplies and parts, Triple A Car Rental, Zenith Insurance Brokers, Soft Sheen and Exotic Farms Limited to name a few, (Gleaner 2006). It was however the LASCO branded businesses LASCO Foods Limited and LASCO Distributors Limited operated by Mr. Chin from the 1980’s which made him and his businesses household names within Jamaica. The motivation behind his businesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. the unfulfilled needs identified A journey which started with a man selling peas and powered seasoning on a commission basis had now developed into a number of businesses driven by the same man fuelled with a passion to deliver the best value for money to its customers. According to the company’s website, Lascelles Chin founded LASCO in 1988; its initial operation included the importation of bulk skimmed milk powder and repackaging of sachets for distribution within the Jamaican market. Chin’s intention was to provide a source of milk protein which was affordable for all. Since then Lascelles Chin business has grown from packaging and distributing skim milk to the corporate entity it is today providing a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, household and personal care products to Jamaica the Caribbean, Latin America, North America and England, (LASCO website, 2010). Lascelles Chin apparently influenced by his daily and close interaction with the grass root people on the streets of Kingston during his earlier days as a Salesman, having seen their need for an improved nutritional intake sought to source and deliver products at prices which could be afforded by all. By doing so he has made valuable contribution to the development of the Jamaican society and its labour force with his delivery of nutrition or nutritious products within the reach of the poor and needy. His drive in this area has lead to the pioneering of a number of soy based protein products again with an emphasis on nutritious value and affordability. Procurement of resources Lascelles Chin was able to start his first business, National Trading Company with a few pounds, an accumulation of his savings from his job as a lab technician and sales person. Along the way his business grew due to his timely and astute business decisions which included ventures some of which were risky at the time. Some of those businesses have failed due to changes in the Jamaican landscape, for instance Kingston Heirlooms, his furniture business which was a good earner of valuable foreign exchange at the time suffered from changes in government policies which made conditions difficult for manufacturers. In order to deliver affordable products LASCO has gone to great lengths to source raw materials, consumer and pharmaceutical goods from cost effective sources. LASCO has formed allegiance with major international manufacturers. One of those searches led LASCO to Solae Incorporated, a subsidy of the DuPont Group. With their help LASCO was able to pioneer its current and growing range of soy protein isolate products, facilitating the delivery of highly tasty, nutritious products at an incredible low price to consumers across the Caribbean, (LASCO website, 2010). According to LASCO’s website, â€Å"the popularity of their soy based product has made LASCO the Number One customer in the world for soy protein isolate from Solae Incorporated. Additionally, the American Soybean Association has hailed the LASCO Food Drink line as the tastiest soy product in the world†. Bolstered by this success, LASCO continues its global search for the most affordable, best quality products and have branded corned beef from Argentina, mackerel from Chile, ketchup from the Eastern Caribbean, and vitamins from an outstanding US supplier, whole milk from Ireland, and Corn Flakes from Germany† (LASCO website, 2010). LASCO Distributors has also formed an important strategic alliance with Johnson & Johnson (Jamaica) Limited on April 2, 2001. As a result of that arrangement, LASCO Distributors handles the distribution of all Johnson & Johnson products while LASCO Pharmaceutical Division is esponsible for Lifescan, Contact Lens, and Pharmacy sales. (LASCO website, 2010) According to an interview conducted by Gleaner Lifestyle Editor, Barbara Ellington with Lascelles Chin in 2006 and published in May 2006, a lot of effort is placed in sourcing by the LASCO group. Approximately 50% is purchased locally, 15% within the CARICOM countries and the rest from international firms. According to Mr. Chin in that interview, part of his strategy lies in the fact that he sources well and is not greedy for huge profit margins, this strategy facilitates giving the customers value for money, considering the poorest in the society at all times. He effectively reaps the benefits of the eventual sales volume by keeping his prices one tenth, one fifth or even half of others, (Gleaner, 2006). Lascelles Chin takes pride in the LASCO team who support and execute the corporate strategy on a daily basis in their respective roles. According to the Gleaner Article, May 2006, he indicated that his team is a hard working and dedicated one which operates like a family; they are treated well and are willing to go beyond the call of duty. He believes he has some of the best workers in Jamaica. Challenges faced and overcome The challenges faced by Lascelles Chin during his entrepreneurial journey have been as varied as each of the over forty years since he started National Trading Company. He has faced numerous challenges with financing, security cost, government regulations, changing technology, and the ever changing Jamaican economic landscape to name a few. According to Mr. Chin in his interview with Barbara Ellington, â€Å"In the early days, he wanted a line of credit of ?1,000, and the banks would not give it to him. They thought he was crazy, he eventually got it from Scotia bank†. His problems with pilferage downtown forced a movement of his earlier operations from East Street to Red Hills Road. Today his operations on Red Hills Road and those at his expansive distribution plant at White Marl Central Village, due to their location in two troubled communities have created high security cost. The LASCO team in a bid to mitigate this cost at these locations takes steps to â€Å"work with the communities, establish good relationships and avoid going home late†. Faced with the high manufacturing cost of the 1990s Lascelles.Chin was forced to shut down and bear the losses associated with his furniture and data processing companies. Mr. Chin has however graciously accepted the philosophy that â€Å"failure in a business is an opportunity to learn†. In his bid to He has fought and loss battles with the government pertaining to government regulations geared towards protecting the local milk industry by its imposition of tax levies on powdered milk. LASCO imports a lot of its raw materials and finished products, this creates a demand for foreign currency to service those foreign accounts. In a bid to lessen this strenuous demand compounded by the ever depreciating Jamaican dollar LASCO has leverage its business with the inclusion of LASCO Financial services, a licensed cambio and LASCO Remittance Services a Money Gram representative in Jamaica. These two businesses along with LASCO Successors, which manufactures and exports soy-based, products helps to generate the foreign exchange needed by the LASCO Group. Financial Performance and Customer’s Perception of the business To date LASCO has been doing well. Lead by its founder’s philosophy of giving back from the profits made, the corporation has made numerous and continuous sponsorships and contributions to various areas of nation building, The National Policeman, Nurse, Teacher and Principal and Pharmacist of the Year Awards, are just a few of the many such programmes that LASCO has been associated with over the years. It contributes to various school feeding programmes, school related competitions, it makes donations to various government programmes, mothers and various charities. In return LASCO has gain customer loyalty which keeps the wheels of their business turning. The LASCO brand is currently a household name, synonymous with the provision of healthy nutritious and affordable products and services. According to its website, â€Å"LASCO is renowned for its quality beverages, cereals, canned meats and sauces, personal care items, household products and pharmaceuticals. The company has pioneered a range of products, which utilizes soy protein and delivers to the consumer a highly nutritious product at an incredible low price†. Future Outlook In the earlier operations of his business, Lascelles Chin was supported by is then wife Audrey Chin and other family members at different points along the journey. Today, his eldest daughter holds a senior position in one of the divisions. The LASCO business is a going concern and will remain that way whilst it continues to offer and deliver the kind of products and services that has led to its significant growth over the last two decades. The core business has grown from offering three products to ove r an hundred items. Its consumer and pharmaceutical lines continues to grow with the addition of a range of products each year. The LASCO brand now includes the LASURE, LASCARE and LASMED range of products. Its focus is still on the provision of â€Å"best quality for the consumer’s money†. Steps have been taken to expand their warehouse and distribution plant in White Marl. They have also invested heavily in a new information technology system. Their distribution network continues to spread across the Caribbean, Latin and Central America, The UK and Canada. Though it is dogged by constant competition from major players in the respective markets, LASCO continues to carve out a niche for itself by being the low cost, and value for money supplier of consumer and pharmaceutical products within Jamaica. Conclusion and Opinion of the entrepreneur’s journey Lascelles Chin journey has been one that strongly demonstrates the power of determination mixed with consistent effort in spite of adverse circumstances. Though he has won numerous awards and worn various civic hats including, The Order of Jamaica, The 2001 Business Leader of the Year, The 1997 Entrepreneur of the Year Award from the Jamaica Institute of Management, The President of the Jamaica Exporters Association and is considered to be one of Jamaica’s leading philanthropists, he remains humble in his quest to make â€Å"Living Affordable â€Å"for the Jamaican people. He is an inspiration to all; he has in no uncertain way demonstrated that much can be gained, even with a small start. His entrepreneurial prowess were not garnered in academia, but were nurtured nonetheless by a quest to understand the business landscape and environment ensuring that he understood clearly what he was shaping and the factors that would ensure a successful execution of those ventures. He was unsuccessful in some of his ventures but was not deter from his quest to make a valiant contribution to the development of Jamaica. If I were to have taken the journey taken by Lascelles Chin, before I understood his process and his strategy for success, I probably would have stopped from the 1970’s and become a part of the massive tide of migrants leaving the island for a better opportunity elsewhere. I believe I have a bit of persistence and perseverance but probably would have been deterred from pursuing ventures geared towards improving the quality of life of the Jamaican society by the negative elements within the same society who would have pilfered by business place. The challenges presented by the lack of effort from the different governments to preserve manufacturing or keep the exchange rate stable or exercise the measures needed to curb crime and criminality would have probably led to my â€Å"locking shop† and leaving Jamaica. However, based on the lessons learnt from the journey of Lascelles Chin who started out with his savings, made prudent decisions, braved the economic times and conditions, focused on his goal of improving the quality of life of the poor and needy, through various economic, governmental and technological and social changes, I would take up the mantle of entrepreneurship, having the understanding that success can be achieved, through perseverance, determination, clarity of vision, whilst taking one step at a time, spending less than I earn and treating each failure challenge or obstacle as an opportunity to advance. References Ellington Barbara May 22, 2006, The Monday Interview: Lascelles Chin – Brand Domination at its Best. Retrieved on June 17, 2010 from http://www. jamaica- gleaner. com/gleaner/20060522/business/business1. html Ellington Barbara May 22, 2006, The Monday Interview: Lascelles Chin – Brand Domination at its Best. Retrieved on June 17, 2010 from http://www. jamaica- gleaner. com/gleaner/20060522/business/business1. html Ellington Barbara May 22, 2006, The Monday Interview: Lascelles Chin – Brand Domination at its Best. Retrieved on June 17, 2010 from http://www. jamaica- gleaner. com/gleaner/20060522/business/business1. html Ellington Barbara May 22, 2006, The Monday Interview: Lascelles Chin – Brand Domination at its Best. Retrieved on June 17, 2010 from http://www. jamaica- gleaner. com/gleaner/20060522/business/business1. html Kumar, S (June 2003), Transformation: A Journey. Retrieved on April 26, 2010 from http://www. caibinc. org/files_custom/3176_2350. df National Commercial Bank Annual Report 2009, Retrieved on May 04, 2010 from http://www. jncb. com/docs/NCB_Annual_Report_2009. pdf http://zenithbrokers. com/about_us. html https://www. jamaicaobserver. com/news/161017_Question-Time Ellington Barbara, The Monday Interview: Lascelles Chin – Brand domination at its best http://www. jamaica-gleaner. com/gleaner/20060522/business/business1. html http://www. lascojamaica. com/site/company-profile. htm

Introduction to How PCs Work

When you mention the word technology, or so people think somewhat reck irs. just ab pop every facet of our lives has some estimatorized comp int. The appliances in our homes h centenarian up microprocessors built into them, as do our televisions. Even our cars devote schooling touch on organisations. But the figurer that everyone thinks of maiden is typic every last(predicate)y the face-to-face calculator, or PC. A PC is a general-purpose tool built around a microprocessor.It has lots of unalike parts including droping board, a unvoiced disk, a modem, and to a greater extent than that attain to amazeher. General purpose immorals that you gutter do mankindy different things with a PC. You burn design it to pillowcase documents, transport e-mail, browse the Internet and play games. PCs force their history bum to the 1970s, when a man named Ed Roberts began to sell nurture processing scheme kits found on a microprocessor chip intentional by Intel. Roberts c everyed his data processor the Altair 8800 and sold the unassembled kits for $395.Popular Electronics ran a story to the highest degree the kid in its January 1975 issue, and to the surprise of just ab protrude everyone, the kits became an twinkling hit and the era of the individual(prenominal) reckoner began source The Computer History Project. A some age later, the dynamic duo of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak unleashed the apple II computer on the world. From that stage on, the personal computer really began to dispatch take away. Other manufacturers followed suit, and in brief there were computers from Commodore, Atari and Texas Instruments.Not coarse after the de however of the orc stern apple tree II, IBM got into the personal computer game. Today, when someone says PC, chances argon they mean a machine running on the Microsoft Windows pop off(a) trunk with an x86-compatible microprocessor. While Apple Macintosh computers ar technically personal com puters, near people wouldnt call them PCs. In this article, we volition talk nigh PCs in the general sense and all the different parts that go into them. Youll learn close the various components and how they work together in a base run session.Youll withal find out what the future whitethorn hold for these machines. PC Parts Lets piddle a look at the important components of a typic desktop computer Central affect unit (CPU) The microprocessor sense of the computer system is called the central processing unit. Its a chip that holds a apprehend computational engine. It uses assembly language as its native language. Everything that a computer does is everywhere insuren by the CPU. Memory This is very profuse farm animal employ to hold entropy. It has to be fast because it conjoins directly to the microprocessor.There argon several particular proposition display cases of fund in a computer Random-access memory ( swot) Used to temporarily neckcloth schoolin g with which the computer is surely works Read-only memory (ROM) A everlasting showcase of memory memory use by the computer for important selective information that doesnt alternate Basic infix/ proceeds system (BIOS) A type of ROM that is apply by the computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first mogul on Caching The storing of frequently used selective information in extremely fast RAM that connects directly to the CPU Virtual memory Space on a vexed disk used to temporarily store data and swap it in and out of RAM as needed flash lamp memory a solid subject retention device, Flash memory requires no moving parts and retains data dismantle after the computer antecedents off Mformer(a)board This is the main locomote board to which all of the other internal components connect. The CPU and memory atomic number 18 usually on the motherboard. Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or committed to it through a con su ccessivenessary connection.For example, a sound board foot be built into the motherboard or connected through an working out slot. tycoon fork over An electrical transformer regulates the electricity used by the computer. Hard disk This is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such(prenominal) as political platforms and documents. Traditional hard nonpluss contain moving parts the drive has platters on which it stores data. The drive spins the platters to presend and watch data. But some forward-lookinger hard drives atomic number 18 flash-based with no moving parts. These drives ar called solid state drives. Operating system This is the basic softw ar system that relinquishs the user to port with the computer. Integrated poking Electronics (IDE) Controller This is the primitive interface for the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk drive.Accelerated artistic production Port (AGP) This is a very fast connection used by the artistic prod uction circular to interface with the computer. Sound flyer This is used by the computer to record and play audio by converting parallel of latitude sound into digital information and back again. Graphics circuit board This translates image data from the computer into a format that basis be displayed by the supervise. Some artistic production cards have their own all- mightily processing units (called a GPU graphics processing unit). The GPU can handle operations that commonly would require the CPU. Ports In computer hardware terms, a port is an interface that throw ins a computer to communicate with peripheral equipment. real-time clock Every PC has a clock containing a vibrating crystal.By referring to this clock, all the components in a computer can contemporise properly. Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor The CMOS and CMOS battery allow a computer to store information even when the computer powers down. The battery provides regular power. Fans, ro use sinks and cooling systems The components in a computer generate heat. As heat rises, performance can suffer. Cooling systems apply computers from overheating. PC Connections A typical computer connects to the world around it in collar different modal evaluates input/ railroad siding devices, ports and networking. No matter how powerful the components at bottom your computer are, you need a way to interact with them. This interaction is called input/output (I/O).The most common types of I/O in PCs are Monitor The monitor is the primary device for displaying information from the computer. Keyboard The keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer. hook The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the computer. extractable storage Removable storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as sanitary as save information that you want to comprise to a different location. There are sever al types of removable storage o CD-ROM CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) is a pop form of distribution of commercial software.M each systems at a time offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable), which can overly record. CD-RW discs can be erased and rewritten m both an(prenominal) times. o Flash memory Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable computer programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. CompactFlash, SmartMedia and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory. o DVD-ROM DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) is equal to CD-ROM but is heart-to-heart of retention much more information. You may use Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to sync your music participant or brand driving directions, but many computers still have ports to back up you connect to a wide weft of peripherals.While there have been others, two are most commonly found on newer computers Universal Serial Bus (USB) The most popular extern al connection, USB ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use. FireWire (IEEE 1394) FireWire is a very popular mode of connecting digital-video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your computer. Networking, e exceptionally to the Internet, is very important to todays computer users. Your computer can probably use one or more of these methods Modem This is the banal method of connecting to the Internet. Local area network (LAN) card This is used by many computers, particularly those in an Ethernet office network, to connect to one other. Cable modem This type of modem uses the cable system in your home, like the kind you exponent use to subscribe to cable TV, to connect to the Internet. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem This is a high-speed connection that works over a standard telephone situation. very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) modem A newer revolution of DSL, VDSL requires that your phone line have fibre-optic cables. An ev en faster version called the gigabit per second DSL (GDSL) may follow source Cioffi, et al. . Powering Up a PC A typical computer session begins with gaminging on the power. Heres what happens in that process 1. You press the On button on the computer and the monitor. 2.You cope with the BIOS software doing its thing, called the power-on self-test (POST). On many machines, the BIOS displays school text describing such data as the descend of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have. During this eruption sequence, the BIOS does a remarkable amount of work to get your computer ready to run. The BIOS determines whether the video card is operational. Most video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they dont, there is usually video-driver information on another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load. The BIOS checks to see if this is a nipping boot or a reboot. It does this by hecking the value at memory address 00000472. A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, in which case the BIOS skips the residual of POST. Any other value is considered a cold boot. If your computer is undergoing a cold boot, the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write test of to each one memory address. It checks for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for an expansion bus and, if it finds one, checks all the connected cards. If the BIOS finds any computer errors during the POST, it notifies you with a series of beeps or a text message displayed on the screen. An error at this point is almost ceaselessly a hardware problem. The BIOS displays some expatiate about your system.This typically includes information about the following o Processor o Floppy and hard drive o Memory o BIOS revision and construe o Display Any special drivers, such as those for expansion cards, are loaded from the adapter and the BIOS displays the information. The BIOS looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) setup. conjure up is short for help, as in the old phrase Pull yourself up by your bootstraps. Boot refers to the process of launching the operational system. The BIOS tries to initiate the boot sequence from the first device utilize the bootstrap dock-walloper. 3.The bootstrap loader loads the direct system into memory and allows it to begin operation. It does this by ambit up the divisions of memory that hold the operating system, user information and applications. The bootstrap loader then establishes the data structures that are used to communicate within and in the midst of the sub-systems and applications of the computer. Finally, it turns catch of the computer over to the operating system. PC Operating Systems once loaded, the operating systems tasks yielding into six broad categories Processor wariness Breaking the tasks down into manageable chunks and prioritizing them f orward sending to the CPU Memory focus -Coordinating the flow of data in and out of RAM and determining when virtual memory is necessary Device management Providing an interface between each device connected to the computer, the CPU and applications Storage management guiding where data leave behind be stored permanently on hard drives and other forms of storage Application interface Providing a standard communications and data exchange between software programs and the computer User Interface Providing a way for you to communicate and interact with the computer Say, for example, that you open up a word processing program and type a letter, save it and then print it out. Several components work together to thread this happen ? The keyboard and mouse send your input to the operating system. The operating system determines that the word-processing program is the active program and accepts your input as data for that program. ?The word-processing program determines the for mat that the data is in and, via the operating system, stores it temporarily in RAM. ? Each instruction from the word-processing program is move by the operating system to the CPU. These instruction manual are intertwined with instructions from other programs that the operating system is overseeing sooner being sent to the CPU. ? All this time, the operating system is steadily providing display information to the graphics card, guiding what will be displayed on the monitor. When you fill to save the letter, the word-processing program sends a bespeak to the operating system, which then provides a standard window for selecting where you wish to save the information and what you want to call it. Once you have chosen the name and deposit path, the operating system directs the data from RAM to the grant storage device. ? You click on Print. The word-processing program sends a request to the operating system, which translates the data into a format the newspaperwoman understand s and directs the data from RAM to the appropriate port for the printer you requested. ? You open up a web browser and check out HowStuffWorks. Once again, the operating system coordinates all of the action. This time, though, the computer receives input from another source, the Internet, as well as from you.The operating system seamlessly integrates all incoming and outgoing information. ? You close the sack up browser and choose the Shut bulge out option. ? The operating system closes all programs that are afoot(predicate)ly active. If a program has darned information, youre given an opportunity to save it before closing the program. ? The operating system writes its current settings to a special configuration file so that it will boot up next time with the same settings. ? If the computer provides software control of power, then the operating system will completely turn off the computer when it finishes its own shut-down cycle. Otherwise, you will have to turn the power off manually. The Future of PCsSilicon microprocessors have been the heart of the work out world for more than 40 years. In that time, microprocessor manufacturers have crammed more electronic devices onto microprocessors. In 1965, Intel founder Gordon Moore predicted that microprocessors would double in complexity every two years. Since then, the number of electronic devices put on a microprocessor has duplicate every 18 months, and the prediction has tell apart to be known as Moores practice of law. legion(predicate) have predicted that Moores Law will soon reach its end because of the physical limitations of ti microprocessors. 2008 HowStuffWorks Extreme ultraviolet lithography is the future of computer-chip manufacturing.The current process used to pack more transistors onto a chip is called deep-ultraviolet lithography (DUVL), which is a photography-like proficiency that focuses light through lenses to carve circuit patterns on atomic number 14 wafers. While new manufacturin g techniques have extended the useful living of the DUVL process, before long chip manufacturers will have to use new techniques to bread and butter up with Moores Law. Many are already looking at extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) as a way to extend the life of silicon at least until the end of the decade. EUVL uses mirrors kind of of lenses to focus the light, which allows light with shorter wavelengths to focus on the silicon wafer accurately. To learn more about EUVL, see How EUVL Chipmaking Works.Beyond EUVL, researchers have been looking at alternatives to the traditional microprocessor design. Two of the more raise emerging technologies are desoxyribonucleic acid computers and quantum computers. desoxyribonucleic acid computers have the authorisation to take reckoning to new levels, picking up where Moores Law leaves off. There are several returnss to apply deoxyribonucleic acid instead of silicon As long as there are cellular organisms, there will be a supply o f desoxyribonucleic acid. The large supply of deoxyribonucleic acid makes it a cheap resource. contradictory traditional microprocessors, which are made apply toxic materials, DNA biochips can be made cleanly. DNA computers are many times smaller than todays computers.DNAs key advantage is that it will make computers smaller than any computer that has come before, while at the same time increasing storage capacity. One pound (0. 45 kilogram) of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all the electronic computers ever built. The computing power of a teardrop-sized DNA computer, using the DNA logic gates, will be more powerful than the worlds most powerful supercomputer. More than 10 trillion DNA molecules can fit into an area no larger than 1 cubic cm (. 06 cubic inch). With this small amount of DNA, a computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes (TB) of data and perform 10 trillion calculations at a time. By adding more DNA, more calculations could be performed.Un like pompous computers, DNA computers could perform calculations simultaneously. Conventional computers operate in linear fashion, taking on tasks one at a time. collimate computing will allow DNA to solve complex mathematical problems in hours problems that might take electrical computers hundreds of years to complete. You can learn more about DNA computing in How DNA Computers Will Work. Todays computers work by manipulating bits that endure in one of two states 0 or 1. Quantum computers arent limited to two states they encode information as quantum bits, or qubits. A qubit can be a 1 or a 0, or it can exist in a superposition principle that is simultaneously 1 and 0 or somewhere in between.Qubits represent atoms that are working together to serve as computer memory and a microprocessor. Because a quantum computer can contain these sixfold states simultaneously, it has the potential to be millions of times more powerful than todays most powerful supercomputers. A 30-qubit qu antum computer would equal the processing power of a conventional computer capable of running at 10 teraops, or trillions of operations per second. To equal the top of the line in supercomputers youd need more qubits. The chaparral cock supercomputer can run at a petaflop 1,000 trillian floating point operations per second. You can learn more about the potential of quantum computers in How Quantum Computers Will Work.